Section: New Results

Economy of the world data flows

We have attempted to measure data flows in the world to estimate the concentration of the data industry. It is well known that the main plateforms of the Web, Google, Facebook, Amazon, etc. are concentrated in a few countries, mostly in the USA. Some countries, mostly asian, such as China, Russia, Korea or Japan have succesfully developed their own Web 2.0 industry, while others, such as European countries, hava failed to do so. We have explored in [6] , the strategy of China, which has the largest Web industry behind the US and has made a priority of keeping its data at home, with systems in all activity sectors developed in general only one or two years after their main americain counterparts. The innovation strategy of China aims in all fields to achieve technological independence, with at most 30$\%$ of foreign IP as we have shown in [2] .

A tentative measure of the flows of personal data from different regions is proposed in [3] , based on the traffic on the largest platform at the international level. We show in particular that personal data captured in Europe on Web platforms mostly go to the US industry. In [4] , we investigate the invisible part of the Web constituted by the trackers that are hidden on Web pages and transfer data to third parties, and show that the domination of the US is even stronger on trackers than it is on the visible Web.